Time to Read
Day: May 7, 2024
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MSTP, also known as IEEE 802.1s, extends STP by enabling multiple spanning tree instances, optimizing network traffic, and enhancing scalability and efficiency.
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Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) streamlines the election process, introducing new port roles and states for faster convergence times, optimizing network efficiency.
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Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) is an evolution of STP, aiming for faster convergence, introducing new port roles and states, and backward compatibility.
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The root bridge, determined by lowest Bridge ID, is crucial in STP for creating a loop-free topology, ensuring efficient network traffic and stability.
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The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) ensures a loop-free network by progressing through blocking, listening, learning, and forwarding stages for efficient traffic flow.
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The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) has evolved into Classic STP, Rapid STP, Multiple STP, and Cisco’s PVSTP, each addressing different network needs. RSTP is preferred for fast convergence.
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Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) prevents loops in Ethernet networks by disabling redundant links, and ensures network stability and reliability. Variants like RSTP and MSTP offer improvements.
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Port security in network switches controls device access to specific ports using MAC address filtering, limits, whitelists, violation actions, dynamic address learning, and security logging. Essential for network security.
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There are numerous network switch vendors providing diverse switches for different industries and network sizes. Consider factors like features, performance, reliability, and cost when selecting a vendor.
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Active FTP has server-initiated data connection & port 20 usage, while Passive FTP has client-initiated connections, better for security & compatibility.
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Passive FTP is a mode where the client establishes both control and data connections to the server, useful when the client is behind a firewall or NAT. The client initiates the data connection, simplifying network configuration and ensuring compatibility in various environments. It provides flexibility and compatibility, making it a preferred choice for many FTP…
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Firewalls control network traffic based on security rules. Packet filtering firewalls work at the network layer, inspecting packets and allowing/blocking based on rules. Stateful inspection firewalls operate at network and transport layers, maintaining a state table for active connections. Proxy firewalls function at the application layer, while next-generation firewalls combine traditional features with advanced capabilities…
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RADIUS is a networking protocol for centralized AAA management, providing secure authentication, authorization, and accounting for network resources.
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TACACS+ is a secure AAA protocol for network access control, offering enhanced security, flexibility, and fine-grained user access control.
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A stack switch, or stacking switch, combines multiple switches into a single logical unit, simplifying management, increasing scalability, and improving redundancy. It supports high availability, simplified configuration, and high-performance forwarding. Commonly used in enterprise networks for various deployment scenarios.
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Layer 2 and Layer 3 switches differ in functionality, OSI layer operation, and capabilities. Layer 2 operates at the data link layer, makes forwarding decisions based on MAC addresses, and lacks routing capabilities. Layer 3 operates at both data link and network layers, makes decisions based on MAC and IP addresses, and offers routing, QoS,…
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A Layer 3 switch, also known as a multilayer switch (MLS), operates at both the data link and network layers, making routing decisions based on IP addresses. It offers routing functionality, packet forwarding at wire-speed, inter-VLAN routing, Quality of Service (QoS), access control, IPv4 and IPv6 support, dynamic routing protocols, and is used for LAN…
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Layer 2 switches operate at the data link layer, using MAC addresses for high-speed, low-latency communication within LANs. They offer VLAN support, STP, and access control.
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A network switch connects devices in a LAN, forwarding data packets between them. It operates at Layer 2 or Layer 3.
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Active FTP is a mode of FTP connections where the client initiates the control connection, but the server actively establishes the data connection back to the client. This can cause issues with firewalls and NAT devices. In this mode, the server opens a port for the data connection. Passive FTP alleviates these issues by having…
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SFTP, or SSH File Transfer Protocol, provides secure file transfer between client and server. It encrypts all data and commands using SSH for enhanced security. SFTP supports various authentication methods, is platform-independent, and enables secure file operations. It offers stronger security and firewall compatibility compared to traditional FTP, making it suitable for sensitive data transfer.
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FTP, or File Transfer Protocol, is a standard network protocol for transferring files between a client and a server. It operates in two modes, supports various commands, and offers authentication through usernames and passwords. While FTP lacks encryption, it is commonly used for web server management, file sharing, backup, software distribution, and automated file transfer.
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TFTP, or Trivial File Transfer Protocol, is a simple and lightweight protocol used for transferring small files over a network. It operates on UDP port 69 and lacks advanced security features found in other protocols like FTP. TFTP is commonly used for tasks like network booting, firmware updates, and configuration management due to its simplicity…
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SSH, or Secure Shell, is a cryptographic network protocol enabling secure remote login, command execution, and file transfer over untrusted networks. It replaces less secure protocols like Telnet, encrypts communication, supports various authentication methods, and facilitates secure tunneling and VPN-like connections. SSH is vital for secure system administration and remote access.
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Inter-VLAN routing facilitates communication between different VLANs in a network, enhancing security and performance. It can be implemented using routers or Layer 3 switches, involving VLAN and routing protocol configuration. While offering benefits like improved security and performance, it requires careful consideration of complexities and hardware requirements during network setup.
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HTTP is a protocol for transmitting data on the web. It uses client-server architecture, request methods, status codes, and headers. Security measures like HTTPS are crucial.
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SMTP is a standard protocol enabling email transmission and delivery between clients and servers, vital for internet communication infrastructure.
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NTP is a protocol for synchronizing computer and network device clocks. It uses a hierarchical client-server architecture for accurate timekeeping.
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SNMP is a vital protocol for managing network devices. It involves managed devices, SNMP agents, managers, and various management operations.
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HTTP status codes are crucial for web communication, indicating request outcomes for debugging, error handling, and redirects.
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A URI is a string used to identify resources, comprising components like scheme, authority, path, query, and fragment.
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A URL is a standardized address used to locate resources on the internet, comprising multiple components for access and identification.
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EtherChannel aggregates Ethernet links into a single high-bandwidth, fault-tolerant link, offering increased bandwidth, fault tolerance, and enhanced load balancing.
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Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) manages link aggregation between network devices, enabling bandwidth aggregation, load balancing, and fault tolerance.
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ICMP is vital for error reporting, network diagnostics, router discovery, and path MTU. Examples demonstrate its network operations and security.
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Syslog is a standardized protocol for message logging in computer networks, enabling devices to transmit log messages to a central server for analysis.
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Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP) automates trunk link negotiation and establishment between Cisco switches, reducing administrative overhead and simplifying configuration.
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The VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol) defines server, client, and transparent modes for managing VLAN configurations across switches.
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VTP, or VLAN Trunking Protocol, is a Cisco proprietary protocol enabling automatic synchronization of VLAN configurations across switches.
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Tagged VLANs carry traffic for multiple VLANs over trunk ports, while untagged VLANs provide connectivity for devices within a single VLAN over access ports.
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Access Ports and Trunk Ports in VLAN- Access ports connect end-user devices to a single VLAN, while trunk ports interconnect devices carrying traffic for multiple VLANs.
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HTTP has evolved from simple to complex, with improvements in performance, security, and functionality in versions like 1.1, 2, and 3.
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A network firewall monitors and filters network traffic to protect against cyber threats. It includes packet filtering, stateful inspection, and VPN support.
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Access ports in VLANs carry traffic for a single VLAN, connecting end-user devices and providing VLAN isolation and network segmentation.
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A VLAN Trunks in networking carries multiple VLANs, allowing efficient communication between switches and routers, simplifying network design and management.
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IEEE 802.1Q standard enables VLANs, creating virtual LANs within a physical network for improved traffic management and network segmentation.
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ISL and IEEE 802.1Q are VLAN tagging methods in Ethernet networks. ISL is Cisco’s proprietary protocol, 802.1Q is an open standard.
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VLANs categorize into types: Port-Based, 802.1Q, Protocol-Based, MAC Address-Based, and Private. Each serves specific purposes in network management.
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Loopback interfaces are virtual interfaces allowing a device to communicate with itself, commonly used for testing network applications.
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To set up network interfaces and IP addresses on Ubuntu Linux using netplan, first find and edit the configuration file. Apply and verify changes.
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VLANs create virtual networks within a physical network, improving security, performance, and manageability through logical segmentation and tagging.
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The nslookup command-line tool queries DNS servers to obtain domain name or IP address information, aiding in DNS troubleshooting.
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dig is a powerful command-line tool for querying DNS servers, offering various options to customize queries and obtain detailed DNS data.
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dig is a command-line tool for DNS queries on Unix-like systems, supporting various query types and advanced features.
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A DNS zone template simplifies creating and managing DNS zones, providing standardized configurations and enabling efficient customization and implementation.
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Configuring BIND involves installing, setting up configuration files, defining zones, creating zone files, starting the service, testing configuration, firewall configuration, and logging. Detailed Ubuntu examples are provided, including steps for installation, basic configuration, zone configuration, creating zone files, restarting BIND, validation, and testing BIND functionality.
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DNS records store information about domain names. Common types include A, AAAA, CNAME, MX, TXT, NS, PTR, SOA, SRV, and CAA records.
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A recursive DNS server performs DNS resolution for client devices by querying other DNS servers and caching responses for efficiency.
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The Domain Name System (DNS) translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses, facilitating internet connectivity. Its hierarchical structure involves root, top-level domain, authoritative, and recursive servers. DNS records store domain information, and DNSSEC adds security through cryptographic authentication. DNS enables reliable and secure name resolution, essential for navigating the internet and accessing online resources.
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DNS BIND, or BIND, is an open-source implementation of the Domain Name System (DNS) protocol, crucial for translating domain names to IP addresses. Operating as a server and resolver, BIND manages DNS zones, supports DNSSEC for security, enables high availability, and offers flexible configuration options. Its robust features make it a popular choice for internet…
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Transport Layer Security (TLS) establishes a secure communication channel between two parties over an insecure network. The TLS handshake protocol initiates the secure connection, involving client and server authentication and session key generation. Once established, data transfer is encrypted, ensuring confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity. Terminating the connection involves close_notify messages for confirmation.
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SSL and TLS are cryptographic protocols for secure internet communication. TLS is the modern, more secure successor to SSL.
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The TLS protocol has evolved through versions, with TLS 1.3 being the most secure and widely adopted.
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TLS ensures secure communication with encryption, authentication, and integrity, supporting internet protocols like HTTP, SMTP, and IMAP.
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Summary: Intermediate certificates bridge root and end-entity certificates for SSL/TLS security.
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Requesting an SSL certificate involves CSR generation, submission, verification, and installation.
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A Root Certificate is a trust anchor for SSL/TLS certificates.
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Trusted Certificate Authorities issue SSL/TLS certificates, including Let’s Encrypt, DigiCert, Comodo CA, GlobalSign, Entrust, GoDaddy, and Thawte.
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A CSR is a file a website owner generates to request an SSL certificate from a CA.
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SSL establishes a secure, encrypted connection using a handshake, authenticating the server and securing data exchange between client and server.
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SSL, or Secure Sockets Layer, ensures secure internet communication through encryption, authentication, and data integrity, crucial for online security.
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nmap offers customizable scans with options like host discovery, port scanning, service version detection, and more.
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nmap is an open-source network exploration and security auditing tool. It discovers hosts, open ports, and services within a network, providing valuable information for network administrators, security professionals, and ethical hackers. With features like host discovery, port scanning, service version detection, and NSE scripting engine, nmap is essential for network reconnaissance and security assessment. Ethical…
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tcpdump is a widely used packet analyzer for Unix systems. It captures, displays, and analyzes network packets in real-time or for later analysis. Its features include packet capture, display, filtering, promiscuous mode, and commonly used options like interface specification and data printing. The tool is essential for network administration, security, and troubleshooting.
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UFW (Uncomplicated Firewall) is a user-friendly CLI for managing iptables on Linux. It simplifies firewall configuration and offers application profiles and port management.
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The iptables command offers extensive options for configuring firewall rules on Linux, including append, insert, delete, list, flush, policy, and more.
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iptables is a powerful tool for configuring the Linux kernel’s netfilter firewall, enabling packet filtering, address translation, and more.
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The command-line tool “curl” is a versatile option for making HTTP requests. It offers various functionalities such as making GET requests, specifying HTTP methods, sending data with POST requests, including custom headers, following redirects, saving output to a file, handling cookies, and more. This tool empowers users to interact with different protocols.
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cURL is a versatile command-line tool and library for transferring data with support for various protocols. Its features include handling data transfer, authentication, and custom headers. Common uses include making HTTP requests, transferring files, API testing, automation, and network troubleshooting. cURL’s flexibility and extensive protocol support make it a popular choice for internet-related tasks.
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How to create and host apache website on linux/ubuntu
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How to enable HTTP2 for Ubuntu Apache2 website
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How to Enable SSL website and Certificate on Apache2 (Ubuntu).
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How to install Apache2 application on Ubuntu Linux server
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You can download the latest Ubuntu Desktop or Server Image from the Ubuntu website and then upload it to EVE-NG. Create a new disk, set up a new lab, add sufficient RAM and CPU cores, select VNC for console output, and add nodes for Management and Internet access. Install Ubuntu, shut it down, commit changes,…
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This content provides a step-by-step guide for installing and configuring Ubuntu, including selecting installation options, setting up the system, checking network connectivity, and installing essential tools such as Net-tools, Openssh-Server, and Apache2. It also includes instructions for checking the functionality of the installed services.
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Before upgrading the ASA, you should perform the following preparation: Check compatibility between different versions of operating systems; for example, make sure that the ASA version is compatible with the ASA Firepower module version. Check the upgrade path for the current version to the target version; ensure you plan for any intermediate versions required for…
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F5 – BIGIP First Time Setup and License Activation
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Checkpoint Firewall – First Time Installation on VM
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EVE-NG Pro Installation and License update
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F5 – First Time Installation and License Activation
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MSS (maximum segment size) limits the size of packets, or small chunks of data, that travel across a network, such as the Internet. All data that travels over a network is broken up into packets. Packets have several headers attached to them that contain information about their contents and destination. MSS measures the non-header portion…
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What is TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)?
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Check Point backup feature allows backing up the configuration of the Gaia OS and of the Security Management server database, or restoring a previously save configuration. The configuration is saved to a .tgz format in the following directory of the firewall. /var/log/CPbackup/backups/ Note: Backups can be stored locally, or remotely on a TFTP / SCP…
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Check Point R80.20 – How to configure Cluster firewalls – First Time setup
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Check Point R80.20 – How to Install Standalone Firewall
- Basic Networking (98)
- Firewall (11)
- How To (32)
- Linux (13)
- Load Balancer (2)
- Network Security (22)
- Switch (14)
- Tools and Resources (18)
- Tutorials (91)
Sanchit Agrawal
Blog Author
- Scalability and Efficiency Boost: Understanding Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP)MSTP, also known as IEEE 802.1s, extends STP by enabling multiple spanning tree instances, optimizing network traffic, and enhancing scalability and efficiency.
- Election Process of RSTPRapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) streamlines the election process, introducing new port roles and states for faster convergence times, optimizing network efficiency.
- RSTP Explained: Achieving Faster Convergence and Enhanced Network StabilityRapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) is an evolution of STP, aiming for faster convergence, introducing new port roles and states, and backward compatibility.
- What is Root Bridge in STP ?The root bridge, determined by lowest Bridge ID, is crucial in STP for creating a loop-free topology, ensuring efficient network traffic and stability.